REFERENCING GUIDELINES: EXAMPLES OF CITING VARIOUS TYPES OF SOURCES

Type of source

How to cite in text

How to list in the References or Bibliography

Comments

BOOKS

Book

(Clark & Cook 1983)

Clark, IF & Cook, BJ (eds), 1983, Geological science: Perspectives of the earth, Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.

No author appears on title page. List by editor(s).

Book etc., with four or more authors

(Henkin et al. 2006)

Henkin, RE, Bova, D, Dillehay, GL, Halama, JR, Karesh, SM, Wagner, RH & Zimmer, MZ 2006, Nuclear medicine, 2nd edn, Mosby Elsevier, Philadelphia.

‘Et al.’ is short for et alia, meaning ‘and others’.

Book chapter

(Kanengoni 1997)

Kanengoni, A 1997, ‘Effortless tears’, in Under African skies, ed. C Larson, Payback Press, Edinburgh, pp. 289-295.

· Chapter title in single quotation marks

· Editor signified with ‘ed.’

· Page numbers of the chapter.

Book with government author

(SA. DEH 2007)

or (and this will require cross-reference in References)

(No Species loss, 2007)

(SA. DENR 1995)

South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage 2007, No species loss: A nature conservation strategy for South Australia 2007–2017, DEH, Adelaide.
No species loss 2007 see South Australia. Department for Environment and Heritage (2007).

South Australia. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1995, South Australia: Our water our future, DENR, [Adelaide].

· Name of government and government body

· Date of publication [or most likely date in square brackets, if none given]

· Title

· Individual author (if named)

· Report number

· Publisher and place.

Sometimes the publisher organisation is also the author.

Encyclopaedias and dictionaries

If there is no author include the information in parentheses in the text:

… (Encyclopaedia Britannica)

Otherwise, treat as a newspaper article.

Brown.J (ed) 2006, Encyclopaedia of Bicycles, vols 3-5, XY Press, Hawthorn Vic.

Include:

· title (italics)

· edition, if not first

· ‘heading’, if there is one

JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Journal article

Norton et al. (2001) discuss …

Norton, K, Dollman, J, Klanarong, S & Robertson, I 2001, ‘Playing safe: Children in sport’, Sport Health, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 12–14.

Where there are four or more authors:

· cite the first name only in the text, followed by ‘et al.’ (et alia – and others)

· list all authors in the reference list.

Journal article that can be accessed online

Abel (2001) presents …

Abel, EL 2001, ‘The gin epidemic: Much ado about what?’ Alcohol and Alcoholism, vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 401–5, accessed 11 January 2010, <http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/
36/5/401>.

Check that the URL is current. If the article is no longer available online but you have previously accessed it, state the date you previously accessed it.

Newspaper article

Oaten (2002) describes how to …

Oaten, C 2002, ‘Open your house to the sun’, The Advertiser, 6 September, p. 31.

· article title in single quotation marks

· newspaper title in italics

· date and month of article page number

AUDIO-VISUAL SOURCES

Television program, broadcast

A Lateline episode (ABC 2012) reports how the homeland of residents of very low lying mud islands is in trouble.

ABC 2012, Lateline, television program, ABC, 7 December.

Include title of program, date watched/listened and, if available:

· ‘episode title’ (in single quotes) and number

· names of key performers, if relevant

· broadcast venue

· date of original broadcast.

Film / DVD

Dalesandro, A (dir) 1999, Escape to Grizzly Mountain, motion picture, 20^th Century Fox

Include:

· format

special credit to director at the end of the citation.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES

Website

Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, Rainfall and Temperature Records, accessed 4^th June 2015, <http://www.bom.gov.au/>.

Include:

· author, or person/organisation responsible for the website

· title of the page (from the browser’s title bar) in italics

· date: last update, copyright date, or n.d. if no date is available

· URL.

Website: article

Higher temperatures and melting glaciers are changing mountain ecosystems (FAO 2007).

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 2007, ‘Climate change causing species disappearance in mountain areas’, FAO NewsRoom 11 December, accessed 18 December 2007, <http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/2007/1000722/index.html>.

Website: Television Program

… (Four Corners 2004)…

Four Corners 2004, City limits: Australia’s urban water crisis, 18 October, extended broadband version, ABC Television, accessed 11 January 20,

<http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/specialeds/20050209, 10>.

Include also:

· format

· URL

· access date

· enough information that, if the URL changes, the reader can still search for it.

Website: video file

Japan came under attack again … (‘Japan under fire …’, 2007)

‘Japan under fire for whaling’, 2007, NineMSN News, 18 December, daily views 1018, Windows Media Player video file, http://video.msn.com/video.aspx?mkt=en-AU&brand=ninemsn&vid=efa1da1b-348a-46ba-9872-4a0c77e51d72 .

Include enough information to be able to find the source again if the URL changes.

YouTube video

Rider’s Urban Sprawl YouTube video shows how …

Rider (2009) shows how …

Rider, J 2009, Urban Sprawl: A Sim City 4 Demonstration, video, accessed 11 January 2010, <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1Wp1e3UqGoQ&feature=fvsr>.

Include:

· author / producer (if identifiable)

· year

· title

· format

The person who posted the video is not necessarily the author or producer.

Podcast

Include information in parentheses:

… (Bun 2008)

Or work it into the text:

Bun (2008) reports on …

Bun, M 2008, ‘Rising sea levels’, presented by R. Williams, Ockham’s Razor, Radio National, podcast, 31 August, accessed 11 January 2010, <http://www.abc.net.au/rn/
ockhamsrazor/stories/2008/2349127.htm>.

· Set out as for journal article or chapter in a book.

The word ‘website’ is not included because the publisher’s name is repeated in acronym in the URL.

Email

In an email letter to the writer 6 May 2007, the Mayor of the City of XXX said …

or

The Mayor of the City of XXX (email message to writer, 15 April, 2007) promised that …

Climp.F Researching Sport, personal communication, 15 April, 2007.

Include:

· author

· name of the list

· date of the posting

If archived, include the URL and access date.

Blog

(Barry 2010)

Barry, G 2010, ‘Earth meanders: Resisting global ecological change’, Climate Ark, 5 January 2010, viewed 29 March 2010, <http://www.......>.

Include:

· author of entry

· title of article

· title of weblog

· type of website, i.e. blog

· URL

· access date

If paraphrasing or direct quotation use as for other source types.

Social Networking Sites

James Legg, January 12, 2013, 12.16 p.m., Twitter post, http://twitter.com/Jleg

James Legg January 12, 2013, 12.16 p.m., Twitter post, <http://twitter.com/Jleg>.

Include:

· name of poster

· date of posting

· access time

· URL.

Phone Applications

Include information in parentheses:

..(Skyscape 2013)

Skyscape 2013, Skyscape Medical Resources (Version 1.17.42) [Mobile application software],retrieved from <http://itunes.apple.com>.

OTHER SOURCES

Interviews (unpublished)

Weave information into the text, e.g.

I interviewed Jay Smith in March this year, and asked him what advice he has to give young tennis players …

In an interview conducted on 3 March 2008, Mr J. Smith stated that …

I’ll call him David. That’s not his real name, but he sleeps in the parklands and agreed to talk to me about how he copes.

Smith, J 2008, Interview by [your name], Adelaide, 3 March.

Interview with a homeless person, 2008, by [your name], 6 June.

If listing in references:

· treat interviewed person as author

· make the context clear obtain interviewee’s permission to use the interview in your work.

Personal Communication

(e.g. surveys sent and received by email or telephone conversations)

See Interviews (unpublished)

In a survey communicated by email on 10 July 2011, the Manager of Café Three at Salisbury, Mr Peter Jones, indicated that …

or

In a telephone conversation on 10 July 2011, Mr Peter Jones, the Manager of Café Three at Salisbury, highlighted the …

Jones, P 2011, surveyed by [your name], Adelaide, 10 July.

Jones, P (2011), survey prepared by [your name] on…

If listing in references:

· treat person who completed the survey as author

· make the context clear

obtain permission from the person completing the survey to use their responses in your work.

Paintings, sculptures, photographs, other artworks

Include information in parentheses:

… (Pollock Blue poles, 1952, National Gallery of Australia, Canberra) …

Or work it into the text:

Controversial at the time it was purchased, Pollock’s 1952 painting Blue poles, hanging in the National Gallery of Australia, illustrates …

Artworks and Live performances that cannot be easily recovered should be referred to in detail in-text.

Images of recoverable artworks should reference where it is located using standard formatting.

SACB 2009, Image of cat and pig, SACB, 10 June, viewed

27 July 2013,

<http://www.sacb.gov/artworx/gallery/image. html>.

Include:

· name of artist

· title (italics for paintings and sculptures, quotation marks for photographs)

· name of gallery location.

Live performances (theatre, music, dance)

Include information in parentheses:

… (Much ado about nothing, directed by J Bell 2011, opening scene)

Bell, J (dir.) 2011, Much ado about nothing, by W Shakespeare, theatre performance, 8 April- 14 May 2011, Bell Shakespeare Company, Drama Theatre, Sydney Opera House, viewed 10 April 2011.

Poetry (classic)

Poetry lines:

[author first name / lastname] [Poem title], verse [x], lines [x-xx]

Or work it into the text:

Tennyson’s hero is unlike Homer’s; he has no definite end in view (lines 57-64)

James, K 1997, ‘Broken tears’, Pictures from Mars, ed. C. Greene, Poetry Press, Edithburgh, SA, pp. 28-29.

If you quote from the introduction or notes, you should list the edition in the reference list.

Maps

(Mason 1832)

Mason, J 1832, Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000, Ordnance Survey, London

If the cartographer is unknown:

· Title of map

· Year

· Scale of map

· Publisher

· Place of publication